A Mini-Review on Molecular Pathways and Circulating Biomarkers in Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Disease

Authors

  • Aisha Siddiquah Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan Author
  • Farooq Ahmed Department of Health, Mardan Paramedical Institute, Mardan, Pakistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64229/1s9pfk26

Keywords:

Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, Molecular pathways, Circulating biomarkers, Precision medicine

Abstract

Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, encompassing intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, represents one of the most severe forms of stroke and is associated with disproportionately high mortality, morbidity, and long-term neurological disability. Unlike ischemic stroke, effective disease-modifying therapies for hemorrhagic stroke remain limited, largely due to the complex and evolving nature of secondary brain injury following the initial vascular rupture. Accumulating evidence indicates that hemorrhage triggers a cascade of interrelated molecular mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative and metabolic stress, and dysregulated coagulation and thromboinflammatory signaling. These processes collectively drive hematoma expansion, perihematomal edema formation, neuronal and glial cell death, and delayed neurological deterioration. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in identifying circulating biomarkers that reflect these underlying pathological pathways. Proteins such as matrix metalloproteinases, inflammatory mediators, neuronal injury markers, and iron-handling proteins, along with regulatory microRNAs and metabolic by-products, provide dynamic and minimally invasive indicators of ongoing brain injury. These biomarkers not only correlate with disease severity and clinical outcome but also offer insight into individual pathophysiological profiles. This mini-review summarizes current knowledge on the key molecular pathways driving hemorrhagic cerebrovascular injury and critically examines circulating protein, microRNA, and metabolic biomarkers associated with hemorrhagic stroke. It highlights the potential of integrating biomarker signatures with genetic, epigenetic, and imaging data to enable precision medicine approaches, improve prognostication, and guide the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease.

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2026-04-29

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Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026)

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Copyright (c) 2026 Aisha Siddiquah, Farooq Ahmed (Author)

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Siddiquah, A., & Ahmed, F. . (2026). A Mini-Review on Molecular Pathways and Circulating Biomarkers in Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Disease. Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, 1(1), 61-74. https://doi.org/10.64229/1s9pfk26